Space-based network architectures for satellite radiotelephone systems

ABSTRACT

A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system includes at least one receive-only satellite and at least one transmit satellite. The transmit satellite can be a transmit-only satellite or a transmit and receive satellite. The receive-only satellite(s) are configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone at a location over a satellite frequency band. The transmit satellite(s) are configured to transmit wireless communications to the radiotelephone at the location over the satellite frequency band. By providing at least one receive-only satellite and at least one transmit satellite, space-based networks can offer a significant link margin, without the need to undesirably burden the radiotelephones themselves to achieve this link margin.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/225,623, filed Aug. 22, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. ______, entitledSpace-Based Network Architectures for Satellite Radiotelephone Systems,which claims the benefit of provisional Application No. 60/322,240,filed Sep. 14, 2001, entitled Systems and Methods for Terrestrial Re-Useof Mobile Satellite Spectrum and provisional Application No. 60/392,771,filed Jul. 1, 2002, entitled Space-Based Network Architectures forSatellite Radiotelephone Systems, all of which are assigned to theassignee of the present application, the disclosures of all of which arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as if setforth fully herein. This application also is a continuation-in-part(CIP) of application Ser. No. 10/074,097, filed Feb. 12, 2002, entitledSystems and Methods for Terrestrial Reuse of Cellular SatelliteFrequency Spectrum, assigned to the assignee of the present application,the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference inits entirety as if set forth fully herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to radiotelephone communications systems andmethods, and more particularly to terrestrial cellular and satellitecellular radiotelephone communications systems and methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Satellite radiotelephone communications systems and methods are widelyused for radiotelephone communications. Satellite radiotelephonecommunications systems and methods generally employ at least onespace-based component, such as one or more satellites that areconfigured to wirelessly communicate with a plurality of satelliteradiotelephones.

A satellite radiotelephone communications system or method may utilize asingle antenna beam covering an entire area served by the system.Alternatively, in cellular satellite radiotelephone communicationssystems and methods, multiple beams are provided, each of which canserve distinct geographical areas in the overall service region, tocollectively serve an overall satellite footprint. Thus, a cellulararchitecture similar to that used in conventional terrestrial cellularradiotelephone systems and methods can be implemented in cellularsatellite-based systems and methods. The satellite typicallycommunicates with radiotelephones over a bidirectional communicationspathway, with radiotelephone communication signals being communicatedfrom the satellite to the radiotelephone over a downlink or forwardlink, and from the radiotelephone to the satellite over an uplink orreturn link.

The overall design and operation of cellular satellite radiotelephonesystems and methods are well known to those having skill in the art, andneed not be described further herein. Moreover, as used herein, the term“radiotelephone” includes cellular and/or satellite radiotelephones withor without a multi-line display; Personal Communications System (PCS)terminals that may combine a radiotelephone with data processing,facsimile and/or data communications capabilities; Personal DigitalAssistants (PDA) that can include a radio frequency transceiver and apager, Internet/intranet access, Web browser, organizer, calendar and/ora global positioning system (GPS) receiver; and/or conventional laptopand/or palmtop computers or other appliances, which include a radiofrequency transceiver.

As is well known to those having skill in the art, terrestrial networkscan enhance cellular satellite radiotelephone system availability,efficiency and/or economic viability by terrestrially reusing at leastsome of the frequency bands that are allocated to cellular satelliteradiotelephone systems. In particular, it is known that it may bedifficult for cellular satellite radiotelephone systems to reliablyserve densely populated areas, because the satellite signal may beblocked by high-rise structures and/or may not penetrate into buildings.As a result, the satellite spectrum may be underutilized or unutilizedin such areas. The use of terrestrial retransmission can reduce oreliminate this problem.

Moreover, the capacity of the overall system can be increasedsignificantly by the introduction of terrestrial retransmission, sinceterrestrial frequency reuse can be much denser than that of asatellite-only system. In fact, capacity can be enhanced where it may bemostly needed, i.e., densely populated urban/industrial/commercialareas. As a result, the overall system can become much more economicallyviable, as it may be able to serve a much larger subscriber base.Finally, satellite radiotelephones for a satellite radiotelephone systemhaving a terrestrial component within the same satellite frequency bandand using substantially the same air interface for both terrestrial andsatellite communications can be more cost effective and/or aestheticallyappealing. Conventional dual band/dual mode alternatives, such as thewell known Thuraya, Iridium and/or Globalstar dual modesatellite/terrestrial radiotelephone systems, may duplicate somecomponents, which may lead to increased cost, size and/or weight of theradiotelephone.

One example of terrestrial reuse of satellite frequencies is describedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,937,332 to the present inventor Karabinis entitledSatellite Telecommunications Repeaters and Retransmission Methods, thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety as if set forth fully herein. As described therein, satellitetelecommunications repeaters are provided which receive, amplify, andlocally retransmit the downlink signal received from a satellite therebyincreasing the effective downlink margin in the vicinity of thesatellite telecommunications repeaters and allowing an increase in thepenetration of uplink and downlink signals into buildings, foliage,transportation vehicles, and other objects which can reduce link margin.Both portable and non-portable repeaters are provided. See the abstractof U.S. Pat. No. 5,937,332.

In view of the above discussion, there continues to be a need forsystems and methods for terrestrial reuse of cellular satellitefrequencies that can allow improved reliability, capacity, costeffectiveness and/or aesthetic appeal for cellular satelliteradiotelephone systems, methods and/or satellite radiotelephones.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Some embodiments of the present invention provide a space-based networkfor a satellite radiotelephone system that includes at least onereceive-only satellite and at least one transmit satellite. In someembodiments, the transmit satellite is a transmit-only satellite,whereas in other embodiments, the transmit satellite is a transmit andreceive satellite. The at least one receive-only satellite is configuredto receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone at apredetermined location over a satellite frequency band. The at least onetransmit satellite is configured to transmit wireless communications tothe radiotelephone at the predetermined location over the satellitefrequency band. By providing at least one receive-only satellite and atleast one transmit satellite, space-based networks according to someembodiments of the present invention can offer a significant linkmargin, without the need to undesirably burden the radiotelephonesthemselves to achieve this link margin.

Accordingly, some embodiments of the invention provide a space-basednetwork for a satellite radiotelephone system that comprises morereceive satellites than transmit satellites. Other embodiments of theinvention provide a space-based network for a satellite radiotelephonesystem comprising a plurality of satellites that collectively providegreater uplink margin than downlink margin.

In some embodiments of the invention, the at least one receive-onlysatellite consists of two receive-only satellites. In other embodiments,the at least one transmit satellite comprises at least one transmit-onlysatellite. In other embodiments, the at least one transmit-onlysatellite consists of a single transmit-only satellite. In someembodiments, one of the two receive-only satellites and a singletransmit-only satellite are collocated in an orbital slot.

In some embodiments, each of the receive-only satellites comprises firstand second receive antennas. In other embodiments, the first and secondreceive-only antennas are about 24 meters in diameter.

In other embodiments, the at least one transmit satellite comprises atleast one transmit and receive satellite. In other embodiments, the atleast one transmit and receive satellite consists of a single transmitand receive satellite that is collocated in an orbital slot with one ofthe two receive-only satellites. In other embodiments, the at least onetransmit and receive satellite consists of two transmit and receivesatellites, a respective one of which is collocated in an orbital slotwith a respective one of the two receive-only satellites.

In some embodiments, the single transmit and receive satellite includesa single transmit antenna and a single receive antenna. In otherembodiments, the single transmit and receive satellite comprises asingle transmit and receive antenna and a single receive antenna. In yetother embodiments, the two transmit and receive satellites eachcomprises a single transmit antenna and a single receive antenna. Instill other embodiments, the two transmit and receive satellite antennaseach comprises a single transmit and receive antenna and a singlereceive antenna.

In other embodiments, each of the receive-only satellites includes firstthrough fourth processors. The first processor is configured to processwireless communications that are received by the first receive-onlyantenna in a first type of circular polarization. The second processoris configured to process wireless communications that are received bythe first receive-only antenna in a second type of circularpolarization. The third processor is configured to process wirelesscommunications that are received by the second receive-only antenna inthe first polarization, and the fourth processor is configured toprocess wireless communications that are received by the secondreceive-only antenna in the second polarization.

In other embodiments, each of the receive-only satellites includes afeeder link signal generator. The feeder link signal generator isconfigured to combine signals that are received by the first and secondreceive-only antennas into at least one feeder link signal, including aplurality of orthogonal dimensions and/or polarizations, such asin-phase and quadrature dimensions, horizontal and verticalpolarizations, left hand circular and right hand circular polarizationsand/or other orthogonal dimensions and/or polarizations.

Space-based networks according to other embodiments of the inventionalso include a gateway that is configured to receive the feeder linksignal from each of the two receive-only satellites. In otherembodiments, the gateway may be configured to receive the feeder linksignal from each of the two receive-only satellites when the feeder linksignal has a bandwidth that is at least as wide as the signals that arereceived by the first and second receive-only antennas of one of thereceive-only satellites. In other embodiments, the space-based networkincludes a plurality of gateways, a respective one of which isconfigured to receive a feeder link signal from each of the tworeceive-only satellites. In some embodiments, the signals that arereceived by the first and/or second receive-only antennas of one of thereceive-only satellites have a bandwidth that is wider than the feederlink signal.

Still other embodiments of the present invention include a combiner thatis configured to combine the feeder link signals that are received at atleast one of the plurality of gateways, in order to reconstruct thewireless communications from the radiotelephone. Still other embodimentsof the present invention include an ancillary terrestrial network thatis configured to wirelessly communicate with the radiotelephone at thepredetermined location over at least some of the satelliteradiotelephone frequency band, to thereby terrestrially reuse the atleast some of the satellite radiotelephone frequency band.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of cellular radiotelephone systems andmethods according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of adaptive interference reducers according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a spectrum diagram that illustrates satellite L-band frequencyallocations.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of cellular satellite systems and methodsaccording to other embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates time division duplex frame structures according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of architectures of ancillary terrestrialcomponents according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of architectures of reconfigurableradiotelephones according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8 graphically illustrates mapping of monotonically decreasing powerlevels to frequencies according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates an ideal cell that is mapped to three power regionsand three associated carrier frequencies according to embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 10 depicts a realistic cell that is mapped to three power regionsand three associated carrier frequencies according to embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 11 illustrates two or more contiguous slots in a frame that areunoccupied according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates loading of two or more contiguous slots with lowerpower transmissions according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13 schematically illustrates the use of transmit-only andreceive-only satellites in a space-based network architecture accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of architectures for space-based networksaccording to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 15 schematically illustrates architectures for space-based networksaccording to other embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of theinvention are shown. This invention should not be construed as limitedto the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments areprovided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and willfully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of cellular satellite radiotelephonesystems and methods according to embodiments of the invention. As shownin FIG. 1, these cellular satellite radiotelephone systems and methods100 include at least one Space-Based Component (SBC) 110, such as asatellite. The space-based component 110 is configured to transmitwireless communications to a plurality of radiotelephones 120 a, 120 bin a satellite footprint comprising one or more satellite radiotelephonecells 130-130″″ over one or more satellite radiotelephone forward link(downlink) frequencies f_(D). The space-based component 110 isconfigured to receive wireless communications from, for example, a firstradiotelephone 120 a in the satellite radiotelephone cell 130 over asatellite radiotelephone return link (uplink) frequency f_(U). Anancillary terrestrial network, comprising at least one ancillaryterrestrial component 140, which may include an antenna 140 a and anelectronics system 140 b (for example, at least one antenna 140 a and atlast one electronics system 140 b), is configured to receive wirelesscommunications from, for example, a second radiotelephone 120 b in theradiotelephone cell 130 over the satellite radiotelephone uplinkfrequency, denoted f′_(U), which may be the same as f_(U). Thus, asillustrated in FIG. 1, radiotelephone 120 a may be communicating withthe space-based component 110 while radiotelephone 120 b may becommunicating with the ancillary terrestrial component 140. As shown inFIG. 1, the space-based component 110 also undesirably receives thewireless communications from the second radiotelephone 120 b in thesatellite radiotelephone cell 130 over the satellite radiotelephonefrequency f′_(U) as interference. More specifically, a potentialinterference path is shown at 150. In this potential interference path150, the return link signal of the second radiotelephone 120 b atcarrier frequency f′_(U) interferes with satellite communications. Thisinterference would generally be strongest when f′_(U)=f_(U), because, inthat case, the same return link frequency would be used for space-basedcomponent and ancillary terrestrial component communications over thesame satellite radiotelephone cell, and no spatial discriminationbetween satellite radiotelephone cells would appear to exist.

Still referring to FIG. 1, embodiments of satellite radiotelephonesystems/methods 100 can include at least one gateway 160 that caninclude an antenna 160 a and an electronics system 160 b that can beconnected to other networks 162 including terrestrial and/or otherradiotelephone networks. The gateway 160 also communicates with thespace-based component 110 over a satellite feeder link 112. The gateway160 also communicates with the ancillary terrestrial component 140,generally over a terrestrial link 142.

Still referring to FIG. 1, an Interference Reducer (IR) 170 a also maybe provided at least partially in the ancillary terrestrial componentelectronics system 140 b. Alternatively or additionally, an interferencereducer 170 b may be provided at least partially in the gatewayelectronics system 160 b. In yet other alternatives, the interferencereducer may be provided at least partially in other components of thecellular satellite system/method 100 instead of or in addition to theinterference reducer 170 a and/or 170 b. The interference reducer isresponsive to the space-based component 110 and to the ancillaryterrestrial component 140, and is configured to reduce the interferencefrom the wireless communications that are received by the space-basedcomponent 110 and is at least partially generated by the secondradiotelephone 120 b in the satellite radiotelephone cell 130 over thesatellite radiotelephone frequency f′_(U). The interference reducer 170a and/or 170 b uses the wireless communications f′_(U) that are intendedfor the ancillary terrestrial component 140 from the secondradiotelephone 120 b in the satellite radiotelephone cell 130 using thesatellite radiotelephone frequency f′_(U) to communicate with theancillary terrestrial component 140.

In embodiments of the invention, as shown in FIG. 1, the ancillaryterrestrial component 140 generally is closer to the first and secondradiotelephones 120 a and 120 b, respectively, than is the space-basedcomponent 110, such that the wireless communications from the secondradiotelephone 120 b are received by the ancillary terrestrial component140 prior to being received by the space-based component 110. Theinterference reducer 170 a and/or 170 b is configured to generate aninterference cancellation signal comprising, for example, at least onedelayed replica of the wireless communications from the secondradiotelephone 120 b that are received by the ancillary terrestrialcomponent 140, and to subtract the delayed replica of the wirelesscommunications from the second radiotelephone 120 b that are received bythe ancillary terrestrial component 140 from the wireless communicationsthat are received from the space-based component 110. The interferencereduction signal may be transmitted from the ancillary terrestrialcomponent 140 to the gateway 160 over link 142 and/or using otherconventional techniques.

Thus, adaptive interference reduction techniques may be used to at leastpartially cancel the interfering signal, so that the same, or othernearby, satellite radiotelephone uplink frequency can be used in a givencell for communications by radiotelephones 120 with the satellite 110and with the ancillary terrestrial component 140. Accordingly, allfrequencies that are assigned to a given cell 130 may be used for bothradiotelephone 120 communications with the space-based component 110 andwith the ancillary terrestrial component 140. Conventional systems mayavoid terrestrial reuse of frequencies within a given satellite cellthat are being used within the satellite cell for satellitecommunications. Stated differently, conventionally, only frequenciesused by other satellite cells may be candidates for terrestrial reusewithin a given satellite cell. Beam-to-beam spatial isolation that isprovided by the satellite system was relied upon to reduce or minimizethe level of interference from the terrestrial operations into thesatellite operations. In sharp contrast, embodiments of the inventioncan use an interference reducer to allow all frequencies assigned to asatellite cell to be used terrestrially and for satellite radiotelephonecommunications.

Embodiments of the invention according to FIG. 1 may arise from arealization that the return link signal from the second radiotelephone120 b at f′_(U) generally will be received and processed by theancillary terrestrial component 140 much earlier relative to the timewhen it will arrive at the satellite gateway 160 from the space-basedcomponent 110 via the interference path 150. Accordingly, theinterference signal at the satellite gateway 160 b can be at leastpartially canceled. Thus, as shown in FIG. 1, an interferencecancellation signal, such as the demodulated ancillary terrestrialcomponent signal, can be sent to the satellite gateway 160 b by theinterference reducer 170 a in the ancillary terrestrial component 140,for example using link 142. In the interference reducer 170 b at thegateway 160 b, a weighted (in amplitude and/or phase) replica of thesignal may be formed using, for example, adaptive transversal filtertechniques that are well known to those having skill in the art. Then, atransversal filter output signal is subtracted from the aggregatereceived satellite signal at frequency f′_(U) that contains desired aswell as interference signals. Thus, the interference cancellation neednot degrade the signal-to-noise ratio of the desired signal at thegateway 160, because a regenerated (noise-free) terrestrial signal, forexample as regenerated by the ancillary terrestrial component 140, canbe used to perform interference suppression.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of embodiments of adaptive interferencecancellers that may be located in the ancillary terrestrial component140, in the gateway 160, and/or in another component of the cellularradiotelephone system 100. As shown in FIG. 2, one or more controlalgorithms 204, known to those having skill in the art, may be used toadaptively adjust the coefficients of a plurality of transversal filters202 a-202 n. Adaptive algorithms, such as Least Mean Square Error(LMSE), Kalman, Fast Kalman, Zero Forcing and/or various combinationsthereof or other techniques may be used. It will be understood by thosehaving skill in the art that the architecture of FIG. 2 may be used withan LMSE algorithm. However, it also will be understood by those havingskill in the art that conventional architectural modifications may bemade to facilitate other control algorithms.

Additional embodiments of the invention now will be described withreference to FIG. 3, which illustrates L-band frequency allocationsincluding cellular radiotelephone system forward links and return links.As shown in FIG. 3, the space-to-ground L-band forward link (downlink)frequencies are assigned from 1525 MHz to 1559 MHz. The ground-to-spaceL-band return link (uplink) frequencies occupy the band from 1626.5 MHzto 1660.5 MHz. Between the forward and return L-band links lie theGPS/GLONASS radionavigation band (from 1559 MHz to 1605 MHz).

In the detailed description to follow, GPS/GLONASS will be referred tosimply as GPS for the sake of brevity. Moreover, the acronyms ATC andSBC will be used for the ancillary terrestrial component and thespace-based component, respectively, for the sake of brevity.

As is known to those skilled in the art, GPS receivers may be extremelysensitive since they are designed to operate on very weakspread-spectrum radionavigation signals that arrive on the earth from aGPS satellite constellation. As a result, GPS receivers may to be highlysusceptible to in-band interference. ATCs that are configured to radiateL-band frequencies in the forward satellite band (1525 to 1559 MHz) canbe designed with very sharp out-of-band emissions filters to satisfy thestringent out-of-band spurious emissions desires of GPS.

Referring again to FIG. 1, some embodiments of the invention can providesystems and methods that can allow an ATC 140 to configure itself in oneof at least two modes. In accordance with a first mode, which may be astandard mode and may provide highest capacity, the ATC 140 transmits tothe radiotelephones 120 over the frequency range from 1525 MHz to 1559MHz, and receives transmissions from the radiotelephones 120 in thefrequency range from 1626.5 MHz to 1660.5 MHz, as illustrated in FIG. 3.In contrast, in a second mode of operation, the ATC 140 transmitswireless communications to the radiotelephones 120 over a modified rangeof satellite band forward link (downlink) frequencies. The modifiedrange of satellite band forward link frequencies may be selected toreduce, compared to the unmodified range of satellite band forward linkfrequencies, interference with wireless receivers such as GPS receiversthat operate outside the range of satellite band forward linkfrequencies.

Many modified ranges of satellite band forward link frequencies may beprovided according to embodiments of the present invention. In someembodiments, the modified range of satellite band forward linkfrequencies can be limited to a subset of the original range ofsatellite band forward link frequencies, so as to provide a guard bandof unused satellite band forward link frequencies. In other embodiments,all of the satellite band forward link frequencies are used, but thewireless communications to the radiotelephones are modified in a mannerto reduce interference with wireless receivers that operate outside therange of satellite band forward link frequencies. Combinations andsubcombinations of these and/or other techniques also may be used, aswill be described below.

It also will be understood that embodiments of the invention that willnow be described in connection with FIGS. 4-12 will be described interms of multiple mode ATCs 140 that can operate in a first standardmode using the standard forward and return links of FIG. 3, and in asecond or alternate mode that uses a modified range of satellite bandforward link frequencies and/or a modified range of satellite bandreturn link frequencies. These multiple mode ATCs can operate in thesecond, non-standard mode, as long as desirable, and can be switched tostandard mode otherwise. However, other embodiments of the presentinvention need not provide multiple mode ATCs but, rather, can provideATCs that operate using the modified range of satellite band forwardlink and/or return link frequencies.

Embodiments of the invention now will be described, wherein an ATCoperates with an SBC that is configured to receive wirelesscommunications from radiotelephones over a first range of satellite bandreturn link frequencies and to transmit wireless communications to theradiotelephones over a second range of satellite band forward linkfrequencies that is spaced apart from the first range. According tothese embodiments, the ATC is configured to use at least one timedivision duplex frequency to transmit wireless communications to theradiotelephones and to receive wireless communications from theradiotelephones at different times. In particular, in some embodiments,the at least one time division duplex frequency that is used to transmitwireless communications to the radiotelephones and to receive wirelesscommunications from the radiotelephones at different times, comprises aframe including a plurality of slots. At least a first one of the slotsis used to transmit wireless communications to the radiotelephones andat least a second one of the slots is used to receive wirelesscommunications from the radiotelephones. Thus, in some embodiments, theATC transmits and receives, in Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode, usingfrequencies from 1626.5 MHz to 1660.5 MHz. In some embodiments, all ATCsacross the entire network may have the statedconfiguration/reconfiguration flexibility. In other embodiments, onlysome ATCs may be reconfigurable.

FIG. 4 illustrates satellite systems and methods 400 according to someembodiments of the invention, including an ATC 140 communicating with aradiotelephone 120 b using a carrier frequency f″_(U) in TDD mode. FIG.5 illustrates an embodiment of a TDD frame structure. Assuming full-rateGSM (eight time slots per frame), up to four full-duplex voice circuitscan be supported by one TDD carrier. As shown in FIG. 5, the ATC 140transmits to the radiotelephone 120 b over, for example, time slotnumber 0. The radiotelephone 120 b receives and replies back to the ATC140 over, for example, time slot number 4. Time slots number 1 and 5 maybe used to establish communications with another radiotelephone, and soon.

A Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH) is preferably transmitted from theATC 140 in standard mode, using a carrier frequency from below any guardband exclusion region. In other embodiments, a BCCH also can be definedusing a TDD carrier. In any of these embodiments, radiotelephones inidle mode can, per established GSM methodology, monitor the BCCH andreceive system-level and paging information. When a radiotelephone ispaged, the system decides what type of resource to allocate to theradiotelephone in order to establish the communications link. Whatevertype of resource is allocated for the radiotelephone communicationschannel (TDD mode or standard mode), the information is communicated tothe radiotelephone, for example as part of the call initializationroutine, and the radiotelephone configures itself appropriately.

It may be difficult for the TDD mode to co-exist with the standard modeover the same ATC, due, for example, to the ATC receiver LNA stage. Inparticular, assuming a mixture of standard and TDD mode GSM carriersover the same ATC, during the part of the frame when the TDD carriersare used to serve the forward link (when the ATC is transmitting TDD)enough energy may leak into the receiver front end of the same ATC todesensitize its LNA stage.

Techniques can be used to suppress the transmitted ATC energy over the1600 MHz portion of the band from desensitizing the ATC's receiver LNA,and thereby allow mixed standard mode and TDD frames. For example,isolation between outbound and inbound ATC front ends and/or antennasystem return loss may be increased or maximized. A switchableband-reject filter may be placed in front of the LNA stage. This filterwould be switched in the receiver chain (prior to the LNA) during thepart of the frame when the ATC is transmitting TDD, and switched outduring the rest of the time. An adaptive interference canceller can beconfigured at RF (prior to the LNA stage). If such techniques are used,suppression of the order of 70 dB can be attained, which may allow mixedstandard mode and TDD frames. However, the ATC complexity and/or costmay increase.

Thus, even though ATC LNA desensitization may be reduced or eliminated,it may use significant special engineering and attention and may not beeconomically worth the effort. Other embodiments, therefore, may keepTDD ATCs pure TDD, with the exception, perhaps, of the BCCH carrierwhich may not be used for traffic but only for broadcasting over thefirst part of the frame, consistent with TDD protocol. Moreover, RandomAccess CHannel (RACH) bursts may be timed so that they arrive at the ATCduring the second half of the TDD frame. In some embodiments, all TDDATCs may be equipped to enable reconfiguration in response to a command.

It is well recognized that during data communications or otherapplications, the forward link may use transmissions at higher ratesthan the return link. For example, in web browsing with aradiotelephone, mouse clicks and/or other user selections typically aretransmitted from the radiotelephone to the system. The system, however,in response to a user selection, may have to send large data files tothe radiotelephone. Hence, other embodiments of the invention may beconfigured to enable use of an increased or maximum number of time slotsper forward GSM carrier frame, to provide a higher downlink data rate tothe radiotelephones.

Thus, when a carrier frequency is configured to provide service in TDDmode, a decision may be made as to how many slots will be allocated toserving the forward link, and how many will be dedicated to the returnlink. Whatever the decision is, it may be desirable that it be adheredto by all TDD carriers used by the ATC, in order to reduce or avoid theLNA desensitization problem described earlier. In voice communications,the partition between forward and return link slots may be made in themiddle of the frame as voice activity typically is statisticallybidirectionally symmetrical. Hence, driven by voice, the center of theframe may be where the TDD partition is drawn.

To increase or maximize forward link throughput in data mode, data modeTDD carriers according to embodiments of the invention may use a morespectrally efficient modulation and/or protocol, such as the EDGEmodulation and/or protocol, on the forward link slots. The return linkslots may be based on a less spectrally efficient modulation and/orprotocol such as the GPRS (GMSK) modulation and/or protocol. The EDGEmodulation/protocol and the GPRS modulation/protocol are well known tothose having skill in the art, and need not be described further herein.

Given an EDGE forward/GPRS return TDD carrier strategy, up to(384/2)=192 kbps may be supported on the forward link while on thereturn link the radiotelephone may transmit at up to (115/2)≈64 kbps.

In other embodiments, it also is possible to allocate six time slots ofan eight-slot frame for the forward link and only two for the returnlink. In these embodiments, for voice services, given the statisticallysymmetric nature of voice, the return link vocoder may need to becomparable with quarter-rate GSM, while the forward link vocoder canoperate at full-rate GSM, to yield six full-duplex voice circuits perGSM TDD-mode carrier (a voice capacity penalty of 25%). Subject to thisnon-symmetrical partitioning strategy, data rates of up to(384)(6/8)=288 kbps may be achieved on the forward link, with up to(115)(2/8)≈32 kbps on the return link.

FIG. 6 depicts an ATC architecture according to embodiments of theinvention, which can lend itself to automatic configuration between thetwo modes of standard GSM and TDD GSM on command, for example, from aNetwork Operations Center (NOC) via a Base Station Controller (BSC). Itwill be understood that in these embodiments, an antenna 620 cancorrespond to the antenna 140 a of FIGS. 1 and 4, and the remainder ofFIG. 6 can correspond to the electronics system 140 b of FIGS. 1 and 4.If a reconfiguration command for a particular carrier, or set ofcarriers, occurs while the carrier(s) are active and are supportingtraffic, then, via the in-band signaling Fast Associated Control CHannel(FACCH), all affected radiotelephones may be notified to alsoreconfigure themselves and/or switch over to new resources. Ifcarrier(s) are reconfigured from TDD mode to standard mode, automaticreassignment of the carrier(s) to the appropriate standard-mode ATCs,based, for example, on capacity demand and/or reuse pattern can beinitiated by the NOC. If, on the other hand, carrier(s) are reconfiguredfrom standard mode to TDD mode, automatic reassignment to theappropriate TDD-mode ATCs can take place on command from the NOC.

Still referring to FIG. 6, a switch 610 may remain closed when carriersare to be demodulated in the standard mode. In TDD mode, this switch 610may be open during the first half of the frame, when the ATC istransmitting, and closed during the second half of the frame, when theATC is receiving. Other embodiments also may be provided.

FIG. 6 assumes N transceivers per ATC sector, where N can be as small asone, since a minimum of one carrier per sector generally is desired.Each transceiver is assumed to operate over one GSM carrier pair (whenin standard mode) and can thus support up to eight full-duplex voicecircuits, neglecting BCCH channel overhead. Moreover, a standard GSMcarrier pair can support sixteen full-duplex voice circuits when inhalf-rate GSM mode, and up to thirty two full-duplex voice circuits whenin quarter-rate GSM mode.

When in TDD mode, the number of full duplex voice circuits may bereduced by a factor of two, assuming the same vocoder. However, in TDDmode, voice service can be offered via the half-rate GSM vocoder withalmost imperceptible quality degradation, in order to maintain invariantvoice capacity. FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a reconfigurableradiotelephone architecture that can communicate with a reconfigurableATC architecture of FIG. 6. In FIG. 7, an antenna 720 is provided, andthe remainder of FIG. 7 can provide embodiments of an electronics systemfor the radiotelephone.

It will be understood that the ability to reconfigure ATCs andradiotelephones according to embodiments of the invention may beobtained at a relatively small increase in cost. The cost may be mostlyin Non-Recurring Engineering (NRE) cost to develop software. Somerecurring cost may also be incurred, however, in that at least anadditional RF filter and a few electronically controlled switches may beused per ATC and radiotelephone. All other hardware/software can becommon to standard-mode and TDD-mode GSM.

Referring now to FIG. 8, other radiotelephone systems and methodsaccording to embodiments of the invention now will be described. Inthese embodiments, the modified second range of satellite band forwardlink frequencies includes a plurality of frequencies in the second rangeof satellite band forward link frequencies that are transmitted by theATCs to the radiotelephones at a power level, such as maximum powerlevel, that monotonically decreases as a function of (increasing)frequency. More specifically, as will be described below, in someembodiments, the modified second range of satellite band forward linkfrequencies includes a subset of frequencies proximate to a first orsecond end of the range of satellite band forward link frequencies thatare transmitted by the ATC to the radiotelephones at a power level, suchas a maximum power level, that monotonically decreases toward the firstor second end of the second range of satellite band forward linkfrequencies. In still other embodiments, the first range of satelliteband return link frequencies is contained in an L-band of satellitefrequencies above GPS frequencies and the second range of satellite bandforward link frequencies is contained in the L-band of satellitefrequencies below the GPS frequencies. The modified second range ofsatellite band forward link frequencies includes a subset of frequenciesproximate to an end of the second range of satellite band forward linkfrequencies adjacent the GPS frequencies that are transmitted by the ATCto the radiotelephones at a power level, such as a maximum power level,that monotonically decreases toward the end of the second range ofsatellite band forward link frequencies adjacent the GPS frequencies.

Without being bound by any theory of operation, a theoretical discussionof the mapping of ATC maximum power levels to carrier frequenciesaccording to embodiments of the present invention now will be described.Referring to FIG. 8, let ν=F(ρ) represent a mapping from the power (ρ)domain to the frequency (ν) range. The power (ρ) is the power that anATC uses or should transmit in order to reliably communicate with agiven radiotelephone. This power may depend on many factors such as theradiotelephone's distance from the ATC, the blockage between theradiotelephone and the ATC, the level of multipath fading in thechannel, etc., and as a result, will, in general, change as a functionof time. Hence, the power used generally is determined adaptively(iteratively) via closed-loop power control, between the radiotelephoneand ATC.

The frequency (ν) is the satellite carrier frequency that the ATC usesto communicate with the radiotelephone. According to embodiments of theinvention, the mapping F is a monotonically decreasing function of theindependent variable ρ. Consequently, in some embodiments, as themaximum ATC power increases, the carrier frequency that the ATC uses toestablish and/or maintain the communications link decreases. FIG. 8illustrates an embodiment of a piece-wise continuous monotonicallydecreasing (stair-case) function. Other monotonic functions may be used,including linear and/or nonlinear, constant and/or variable decreases.FACCH or Slow Associated Control CHannel (SACCH) messaging may be usedin embodiments of the invention to facilitate the mapping adaptively andin substantially real time.

FIG. 9 depicts an ideal cell according to embodiments of the invention,where, for illustration purposes, three power regions and threeassociated carrier frequencies (or carrier frequency sets) are beingused to partition a cell. For simplicity, one ATC transmitter at thecenter of the idealized cell is assumed with no sectorization. Inembodiments of FIG. 9, the frequency (or frequency set) f_(I) is takenfrom substantially the upper-most portion of the L-band forward linkfrequency set, for example from substantially close to 1559 MHz (seeFIG. 3). Correspondingly, the frequency (or frequency set) f_(M) istaken from substantially the central portion of the L-band forward linkfrequency set (see FIG. 3). In concert with the above, the frequency (orfrequency set) f_(O) is taken from substantially the lowest portion ofthe L-band forward link frequencies, for example close to 1525 MHz (seeFIG. 3).

Thus, according to embodiments of FIG. 9, if a radiotelephone is beingserved within the outer-most ring of the cell, that radiotelephone isbeing served via frequency f_(O). This radiotelephone, being within thefurthest area from the ATC, has (presumably) requested maximum (or nearmaximum) power output from the ATC. In response to the maximum (or nearmaximum) output power request, the ATC uses its a priori knowledge ofpower-to-frequency mapping, such as a three-step staircase function ofFIG. 9. Thus, the ATC serves the radiotelephone with a low-valuefrequency taken from the lowest portion of the mobile L-band forwardlink frequency set, for example, from as close to 1525 MHz as possible.This, then, can provide additional safeguard to any GPS receiver unitthat may be in the vicinity of the ATC.

Embodiments of FIG. 9 may be regarded as idealized because theyassociate concentric ring areas with carrier frequencies (or carrierfrequency sets) used by an ATC to serve its area. In reality, concentricring areas generally will not be the case. For example, a radiotelephonecan be close to the ATC that is serving it, but with significantblockage between the radiotelephone and the ATC due to a building. Thisradiotelephone, even though relatively close to the ATC, may alsorequest maximum (or near maximum) output power from the ATC. With thisin mind, FIG. 10 may depict a more realistic set of area contours thatmay be associated with the frequencies being used by the ATC to serveits territory, according to embodiments of the invention. The frequency(or frequency set) f_(I) may be reused in the immediately adjacent ATCcells owing to the limited geographical span associated with f_(I)relative to the distance between cell centers. This may also hold forf_(M).

Referring now to FIG. 11, other modified second ranges of satellite bandforward link frequencies that can be used by ATCs according toembodiments of the present invention now will be described. In theseembodiments, at least one frequency in the modified second range ofsatellite band forward link frequencies that is transmitted by the ATCto the radiotelephones comprises a frame including a plurality of slots.In these embodiments, at least two contiguous slots in the frame that istransmitted by the ATC to the radiotelephones are left unoccupied. Inother embodiments, three contiguous slots in the frame that istransmitted by the ATC to the radiotelephones are left unoccupied. Inyet other embodiments, at least two contiguous slots in the frame thatis transmitted by the ATC to the radiotelephones are transmitted atlower power than remaining slots in the frame. In still otherembodiments, three contiguous slots in the frame that is transmitted bythe ATC to the radiotelephones are transmitted at lower power thanremaining slots in the frame. In yet other embodiments, the lower powerslots may be used with first selected ones of the radiotelephones thatare relatively close to the ATC and/or are experiencing relatively smallsignal blockage, and the remaining slots are transmitted at higher powerto second selected ones of the radiotelephones that are relatively farfrom the ATC and/or are experiencing relatively high signal blockage.

Stated differently, in accordance with some embodiments of theinvention, only a portion of the TDMA frame is utilized. For example,only the first four (or last four, or any contiguous four) time slots ofa full-rate GSM frame are used to support traffic. The remaining slotsare left unoccupied (empty). In these embodiments, capacity may be lost.However, as has been described previously, for voice services, half-rateand even quarter-rate GSM may be invoked to gain capacity back, withsome potential degradation in voice quality. The slots that are notutilized preferably are contiguous, such as slots 0 through 3 or 4through 7 (or 2 through 5, etc.). The use of non-contiguous slots suchas 0, 2, 4, and 6, for example, may be less desirable. FIG. 11illustrates four slots (4-7) being used and four contiguous slots (0-3)being empty in a GSM frame.

It has been found experimentally, according to these embodiments of theinvention, that GPS receivers can perform significantly better when theinterval between interference bursts is increased or maximized. Withoutbeing bound by any theory of operation, this effect may be due to therelationship between the code repetition period of the GPS C/A code (1msec.) and the GSM burst duration (about 0.577 msec.). With a GSM frameoccupancy comprising alternate slots, each GPS signal code period canexperience at least one “hit”, whereas a GSM frame occupancy comprisingfour to five contiguous slots allows the GPS receiver to derivesufficient clean information so as to “flywheel” through the errorevents.

According to other embodiments of the invention, embodiments of FIGS.8-10 can be combined with embodiments of FIG. 11. Furthermore, accordingto other embodiments of the invention, if an f, carrier of FIGS. 9 or 10is underutilized, because of the relatively small footprint of theinner-most region of the cell, it may be used to support additionaltraffic over the much larger outermost region of the cell.

Thus, for example, assume that only the first four slots in each frameof f_(I) are being used for inner region traffic. In embodiments ofFIGS. 8-10, these four f_(I) slots are carrying relatively low powerbursts, for example of the order of 100 mW or less, and may, therefore,appear as (almost) unoccupied from an interference point of view.Loading the remaining four (contiguous) time slots of f_(I) withrelatively high-power bursts may have negligible effect on a GPSreceiver because the GPS receiver would continue to operate reliablybased on the benign contiguous time interval occupied by the fourlow-power GSM bursts. FIG. 12 illustrates embodiments of a frame atcarrier f_(I) supporting four low-power (inner interval) users and fourhigh-power (outer interval) users. In fact, embodiments illustrated inFIG. 12 may be a preferred strategy for the set of available carrierfrequencies that are closest to the GPS band. These embodiments mayavoid undue capacity loss by more fully loading the carrier frequencies.

The experimental finding that interference from GSM carriers can berelatively benign to GPS receivers provided that no more than, forexample, 5 slots per 8 slot GSM frame are used in a contiguous fashioncan be very useful. It can be particularly useful since thisexperimental finding may hold even when the GSM carrier frequency isbrought very close to the GPS band (as close as 1558.5 MHz) and thepower level is set relatively high. For example, with five contiguoustime slots per frame populated, the worst-case measured GPS receiver mayattain at least 30 dB of desensitization margin, over the entire ATCservice area, even when the ATC is radiating at 1558.5 MHz. With fourcontiguous time slots per frame populated, an additional 10 dBdesensitization margin may be gained for a total of 40 dB for theworst-case measured GPS receiver, even when the ATC is radiating at1558.5 MHz.

There still may be concern about the potential loss in network capacity(especially in data mode) that may be incurred over the frequencyinterval where embodiments of FIG. 11 are used to underpopulate theframe. Moreover, even though embodiments of FIG. 12 can avoid capacityloss by fully loading the carrier, they may do so subject to theconstraint of filling up the frame with both low-power and high-powerusers. Moreover, if forward link carriers are limited to 5 contiguoushigh power slots per frame, the maximum forward link data rate percarrier that may be aimed at a particular user, may becomeproportionately less.

Therefore, in other embodiments, carriers which are subject tocontiguous empty/low power slots are not used for the forward link.Instead, they are used for the return link. Consequently, in someembodiments, at least part of the ATC is configured in reverse frequencymode compared to the SBC in order to allow maximum data rates over theforward link throughout the entire network. On the reverse frequencyreturn link, a radiotelephone may be limited to a maximum of 5 slots perframe, which can be adequate for the return link. Whether the fiveavailable time slots per frame, on a reverse frequency return linkcarrier, are assigned to one radiotelephone or to five differentradiotelephones, they can be assigned contiguously in these embodiments.As was described in connection with FIG. 12, these five contiguous slotscan be assigned to high-power users while the remaining three slots maybe used to serve low-power users.

Other embodiments may be based on operating the ATC entirely in reversefrequency mode compared to the SBC. In these embodiments, an ATCtransmits over the satellite return link frequencies whileradiotelephones respond over the satellite forward link frequencies. Ifsufficient contiguous spectrum exists to support CDMA technologies, andin particular the emerging Wideband-CDMA 3G standard, the ATC forwardlink can be based on Wideband-CDMA to increase or maximize datathroughput capabilities. Interference with GPS may not be an issue sincethe ATCs transmit over the satellite return link in these embodiments.Instead, interference may become a concern for the radiotelephones.Based, however, on embodiments of FIGS. 11-12, the radiotelephones canbe configured to transmit GSM since ATC return link rates are expected,in any event, to be lower than those of the forward link. Accordingly,the ATC return link may employ GPRS-based data modes, possibly evenEDGE. Thus, return link carriers that fall within a predeterminedfrequency interval from the GPS band-edge of 1559 MHz, can be underloaded, per embodiments of FIGS. 11 or 12, to satisfy GPS interferenceconcerns.

Finally, other embodiments may use a partial or total reverse frequencymode and may use CDMA on both forward and return links. In theseembodiments, the ATC forward link to the radiotelephones utilizes thefrequencies of the satellite return link (1626.5 MHz to 1660.5 MHz)whereas the ATC return link from the radiotelephones uses thefrequencies of the satellite forward link (1525 MHz to 1559 MHz). TheATC forward link can be based on an existing or developing CDMAtechnology (e.g., IS-95, Wideband-CDMA, etc.). The ATC network returnlink can also be based on an existing or developing CDMA technologyprovided that the radiotelephone's output is gated to ceasetransmissions for approximately 3 msec once every T msec. In someembodiments, T will be greater than or equal to 6 msec.

This gating may not be needed for ATC return link carriers atapproximately 1550 MHz or below. This gating can reduce or minimizeout-of-band interference (desensitization) effects for GPS receivers inthe vicinity of an ATC. To increase the benefit to GPS, the gatingbetween all radiotelephones over an entire ATC service area can besubstantially synchronized. Additional benefit to GPS may be derivedfrom system-wide synchronization of gating. The ATCs can instruct allactive radiotelephones regarding the gating epoch. All ATCs can bemutually synchronized via GPS.

Space-Based Network (SBN) Architectures

As was described above, some embodiments of the present invention mayemploy a Space-Based Network (SBN) and an Ancillary Terrestrial Network(ATN) that both communicate with a plurality of radiotelephones usingsatellite radiotelephone frequencies. The SBN may include one or moreSpace-Based Components (SBC) and one or more satellite gateways. The ATNmay include a plurality of Ancillary Terrestrial Components (ATC). Insome embodiments, the SBN and the ATN may operate at L-band (1525-1559MHz forward service link, and 1626.5-1660.5 MHz return service link).Moreover, in some embodiments, the radiotelephones may be similar toconventional handheld cellular/PCS-type terminals that are capable ofvoice and/or packet data services. In some embodiments, terrestrialreuse of at least some of the mobile satellite frequency spectrum canallow the SBN to serve low density areas that may be impractical and/oruneconomical to serve via conventional terrestrial networks, whileallowing the ATN to serve pockets of densely populated areas that mayonly be effectively served terrestrially. The radiotelephones can beattractive, feature-rich and/or low cost, similar to conventionalcellular/PCS-type terminals that are offered by terrestrial-onlyoperators. Moreover, by operating the SBN and ATN modes over the samefrequency band, component count in the radiotelephones, for example inthe front end radio frequency (RF) section, may be reduced. Inparticular, in some embodiments, the same frequency synthesizer, RFfilters, low noise amplifiers, power amplifiers and antenna elements maybe used for terrestrial and satellite communications.

Some embodiments of space-based network architectures according toembodiments of the present invention can offer significant link marginover and above the clear sky conditions, represented by an AdditiveWhite Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel, without the need to undesirablyburden the radiotelephones themselves to achieve this link margin. Insome embodiments, the SBN may employ relatively large reflectors, forexample on the order of about 24 meters in diameter, that can producerelatively small, high gain, agile spot beams. Digital processors in thespace-based component and/or at the satellite gateways can be used toimprove or optimize performance with respect to each individual user.

In general, space-based networks for a satellite radiotelephone systemaccording to some embodiments of the invention include at least onereceive-only satellite and at least one transmit satellite. In someembodiments, the transmit satellite is a transmit-only satellite,whereas in other embodiments, the transmit satellite is a transmit andreceive satellite. It will be understood that the terms “receive” and“transmit” are used relative to ground based radiotelephones and that areceive-only satellite and a transmit-only satellite also may transmitto and receive from a gateway or other ground station. The at least onereceive-only satellite is configured to receive wireless communicationsfrom a radiotelephone at a predetermined location over a satellitefrequency band. The at least one transmit satellite is configured totransmit wireless communications to the radiotelephone at thepredetermined location over the satellite frequency band. By providingat least one receive-only satellite, link margins may be improvedcompared to the use of a conventional transmit and receive satellite ofcomparable antenna sizes, according to some embodiments of the presentinvention. Accordingly, some embodiments of the invention provide aspace-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system that comprisesmore receive satellites than transmit satellites.

FIG. 13 conceptually illustrates space-based network architecturesaccording to some embodiments of the present invention. As shown in FIG.13, at least one transmit-only (TX-only) satellite 1310 and at least onereceive-only (RX-only) satellite 1320 a, 1320 b, are used to communicatewith radiotelephones such as the radiotelephone 1330. As also shown inFIG. 13, a space-based network according to some embodiments of theinvention may include a single TX-only satellite 1310 and first andsecond RX-only satellites 1320 a, 1320 b, also referred to as RX-onlysatellite 1 and RX-only satellite 2, respectively. Finally, as alsoshown in FIG. 13, in some embodiments of the present invention, thefirst RX-only satellite 1320 a may be co-located with the TX-onlysatellite 1310, and the second RX-only satellite 1320 b may be locatedat a different orbital slot.

Referring again to FIG. 13, in some embodiments, each RX-only satelliteantenna 1340 a-1340 d may be approximately 24 meters in diameter. Thiscan provide a return link aggregate space-based aperture with anequivalent diameter of about 40 meters. The RX-only satellite antennas1340 a-1340 d may be of same size or different sizes. This relativelylarge, effective return link aperture may be used to allow the SBN toaccommodate a relatively low Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)on the radiotelephones 1330, for example about −6 dBW.

The TX-only satellite 1310 may contain an on-board digital processorthat can perform various functions, such as feeder-link channelization,filtering, beam routing and/or digital beam forming. Such functions havealready been implemented in the Thuraya satellite that is currentlyproviding service in the Middle East, and are well known to those havingskill in the art. These functions therefore need not be described infurther detail herein.

Referring again to FIG. 13, in some embodiments of the presentinvention, each receive antenna 1340 a-1340 d of each RX-only satellite1320 a, 1320 b receives Left-Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) energyand Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) energy. This may bereceived, since the radiotelephone 1330 may radiate linearly polarizedenergy, which contains half of its energy in LHCP and the remaining halfin RHCP.

In some embodiments, each RX-only satellite 1320 a, 1320 b may containup to four digital processors. In each satellite 1320 a or 1320 b, afirst digital processor may be configured to operate on the aggregatesignal received by the first antenna, for example antenna 1340 a or 1340c, in LHCP, and perform the functions of signal channelization,filtering, beam forming and/or routing of signals to the feeder link. Asecond processor may be configured to perform the identical functions asthe first, but on the RHCP signal received by the first antenna, such asantenna 1340 a or 1340 c. The remaining two processors may be configuredto repeat these functions on the RHCP and LHCP signals of the secondRX-only antenna, such as antenna 1340 b or 1340 d. All eight sets ofreceived signals, from both RX-only satellites 1320 a and 1320 b, may besent via one or more feeder links to one or more gateways for combining,as will now be described.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of portions of the space-based network thatillustrates how the signals from the RX-only satellite 1 1320 a andRX-only satellite 2 1320 b may be combined according to some embodimentsof the present invention. Embodiments of FIG. 14 assume that theavailable feeder link bandwidth, from an RX-only satellite 1320 a, 1320b to a gateway is X MHz, but that Y MHz is desired to transport thesignals to the gateway, where Y is greater than X.

As shown in FIG. 14, a first X MHz of LHCP signal spectrum 1410 a,received from RX-only satellite 1, antenna 1 1340 a via the firstprocessor, and a first corresponding X MHz of RHCP signal spectrum 1410b also received by RX-only satellite 1, antenna 1 1340 a via the secondprocessor, are mapped into in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) dimensions ofa first carrier. In other embodiments, the X MHz of signal spectrum thatis mapped into the I and Q dimensions of the carrier need not be an RHCPsignal received by satellite 1, antenna 1. Instead, it may be acorresponding X MHz of signal spectrum (LHCP or RHCP) from satellite 1,antenna 2 1340 b. In some embodiments, any appropriate mapping ofsignals from the RX-only satellite antennas 1340 a-1340 b may be used,for example, by utilizing as many orthogonal polarizations and/ordimensions as possible, over the same available feeder bandwidth, so asto reduce or minimize the number of gateways or diversity sites that areused on the ground to transport the desired signals for processingthereof.

Returning again to FIG. 14, the X MHz bandwidth quadrature carrier maybe transported to a first gateway 1440 a over the X MHz of availablefeeder link bandwidth using a vertically (V) polarized orientation.Concurrently, a first X MHz of LHCP signal spectrum 1410 c from RX-onlysatellite 1, antenna 2 1340 b via the third processor, and a first RHCPsignal spectrum 1410 d from RX-only satellite 1, antenna 2 1340 b viathe fourth processor, are mapped onto the I and Q dimensions of a secondcarrier, at the same frequency as the first carrier, and areconcurrently transported to the first gateway 1440 a over the X MHz ofavailable feeder link bandwidth using a horizontally (H) polarizedorientation. The transmission medium is indicated schematically bysumming node 1430 to indicate a concurrence of the horizontally andvertically polarized signals in the transmission medium.

This mapping onto X MHz bandwidth carriers in the I and Q dimensions maybe repeated up to n times, as shown in FIG. 14 by the summing nodes 1420a, 1420 b, in order to transmit the entire signal bandwidth received bythe RX-only satellite 1320 a corresponding to all satellite cells ofeach polarization (LHCP and RHCP) of each antenna. Accordingly, theprocessors and summing nodes 1420 a, 1420 b, along with otherconventional components such as frequency translators, phase shifters,and/or filters, may comprise a feeder link signal generator according tosome embodiments of the invention, which is configured to combinesignals that are received by the first and second receive only antennas1340 a, 1340 b into the feeder link signal 1490 that is transmitted onat least one carrier in a plurality of orthogonal dimensions.

Still referring to FIG. 14, similar operations may take place withrespect to the second RX-only satellite 1320 b. This mapping only isshown generally in FIG. 14 at 1450, for the sake of clarity. A pluralityof gateways 1440 a-1440 n may be provided to spatially reuse the sameavailable feeder link spectrum, up to n times in FIG. 14, and thustransport all the satellite receive signals to the ground, fordemodulation and combining. Thus, the gateways 1440 a-1440 n canfunction as frequency reuse sites, as well as providing for diversitycombining according to some embodiments of the present invention, aswill be described below. It will be understood that if Y is less than orequal to X, only one gateway location 1440 may need to be used.Moreover, it also will be understood that other polarization schemes maybe used at the various stages of FIG. 14, instead of the LHCP/RHCPand/or V/H polarization.

Demodulation and combining of the received signals for each user,according to some embodiments of the present invention, now will bedescribed. In particular, in some embodiments, a given user signal willreach the ground via the plurality of polarizations (LHCP and RHCP) ofeach satellite antenna, via the plurality of satellite antennas 1340a-1340 d of each RX-only satellite 1320 a, 1320 b, and via the pluralityof RX-only satellites 1320 a, 1320 b. Furthermore, a plurality ofsatellite beams (cells) of each polarization, of each antenna, and ofeach RX-only satellite, may be contributing a desired signal componentrelative to the given user, particularly when the user is geographicallyclose to the intersection of two or more of the satellite beams. Thus,embodiments of demodulation and combining may include processing ofmultiple signal components that are received by the various RX-onlysatellite antennas 1340 a-1340 d from a given radiotelephone 1330, inorder to reconstruct the wireless communications from theradiotelephone.

In one example, up to three cells may be receiving useful signalcontributions in a seven-cell frequency reuse plan. Moreover, inembodiments of FIGS. 13 and 14, there are two polarizations per cell,two antennas per satellite, and a total of two RX-only satellites. Thus,there may be 3×2×2×2 or 24 signal components per user that may becombined in some embodiments. In some embodiments, each of the pluralityof signal components may be weighted in accordance with, for example, aleast mean squared error performance index, and then summed, forexample, in a combiner such as an optimum combiner 1460, to yield thereceived signal output S, shown in FIG. 14. A receiver decision stage1470 then may be used to generate symbol estimates Ŝ.

Finally, as was described above, in transporting a plurality of X MHzsignal segments to the ground, each gateway site 1440 a-1440 n may alsoreceive interference between the I and Q dimensions (also referred to ascross-rail interference) and/or cross-polarization interference betweenthe vertical and horizontal polarizations, for example due to thenon-ideal passband characteristics of the channel and/or the system.

In order to reduce or minimize these interferences, some known symbolsmay be transmitted over at least some of the orthogonal dimensions thatwere described above, to enable an adaptive receiver at a gateway site,to compensate at least in part for any such effect. In otherembodiments, precompensation may be performed for the channel and/orsystem non-ideal passband characteristics at the satellite, prior totransmission over a feeder link. When using precompensation, errorinformation may be sent back to the satellite from a processing gatewaysite.

In still other embodiments,-the overhead of the known symbols, as wasdescribed above, may be avoided by relying on the decisions of thereceiver. However, the reliability of the receiver's demodulationprocess may be increased by transporting the known symbols. Moreover,the overhead due to a known symbol sequence can be small, since thefeeder link channel generally is quasi-static.

FIG. 15 conceptually illustrates space-based network architecturesaccording to other embodiments of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 15, these embodiments of the present invention include at least onereceive-only satellite and at least one transmit and receive satellite.In particular, in some embodiments, a first receive-only satellite 1510a and a first transmit and receive satellite 1520 a are co-located, forexample at orbital slot 101° W. A second receive-only satellite 1510 band a second transmit and receive satellite 1520 b also are co-located,for example at orbital slot 107.30° W.

Moreover, in still other embodiments of the invention, as alsoillustrated in FIG. 15, the transmit and receive satellites 1520 a, 1520b can each include a respective first antenna 1540 a, 1540 c that isconfigured as a receive-only antenna, and a respective second antenna1540 b, 1540 d that is configured to perform both transmit and receivefunctions. In still other embodiments of the invention, the secondantenna 1540 b, 1540 d may be configured to perform transmit-onlyfunctions. In yet other embodiments, the first antenna 1540 a, 1540 calso may be configured to perform transmit and receive functions. In allembodiments, the antennas may be of same and/or different sizes.

Embodiments of FIG. 15 also can be used to obtain a relatively highreturn link (uplink) margin. For example, a comparison will be maderelative to the Thuraya satellite. It will now be shown that a returnlink margin of approximately 13 dB higher may be obtained usingspace-based architectures according to some embodiments of the presentinvention.

In particular, assuming a single satellite with a single 24 meterdiameter antenna, about 4 dB of additional margin may practically beobtained relative to the Thuraya 12 meter antenna. However, as shown inFIG. 15, if the satellite 1520 a has two receive antennas 1540 a, 1540b, the return link margin may be increased by an additional 3 dB, for atotal of 7 dB over Thuraya, assuming that both antennas 1540 a, 1540 bon the satellite 1520 a are of the same size and that combining of theiroutputs is performed. Thus, using only a single satellite 1520 a of FIG.15, with one dual purpose 24 meter transmit and receive antenna 1540 b,and one receive-only 24 meter antenna 1540 a, embodiments of the presentinvention can obtain 7 dB more return link margin than may be obtainedin the Thuraya system.

The addition of the first receive-only satellite 1510 a can add 3 dBmore to the above link margin, since it includes two additional 24 meterreceive-only L band antennas. Finally, satellites 1520 b and 1510 b canadd 3 dB more to the above, for a total of 13 dB over and above thatwhich may be obtained with Thuraya without even having considereddiversity gains.

As was described above in connection with FIG. 14, each satellitereceive antenna may be assumed to be receiving both RHCP and LHCP. Thepolarizations may be combined in a manner similar to that described inFIG. 14.

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed embodimentsof the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they areused in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the followingclaims.

1. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising: at least one receive-only satellite that is configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone over a satellite frequency band; and at least one transmit and receive satellite that is configured to transmit wireless communications to the radiotelephone and to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over the satellite frequency band.
 2. A space-based network according to claim 1 wherein the at least one receive-only satellite consists of two receive-only satellites.
 3. A space-based network according to claim 1 wherein at least one receive-only satellites comprises first and second receive antennas.
 4. A space-based network according to claim 2 wherein at least one of the two receive-only satellites comprises first and second receive antennas.
 5. A space-based network according to claim 14 wherein the at least one receive-only satellite and/or the at least one transmit and receive satellite comprises at least one receive antenna that is about 24 meters in diameter.
 6. A space-based network according to claim 1 wherein the at least one transmit and receive satellite consists of a single transmit and receive satellite that is substantially collocated in an orbital slot with a receive-only satellite.
 7. A space-based network according to claim 2 wherein the at least one transmit and receive satellite consists of two transmit and receive satellites, a respective one of which is substantially collocated in an orbital slot with a respective receive-only satellite.
 8. A space-based network according to claim 16 wherein the at least one transmit and receive satellite comprises a transmit antenna and a receive antenna.
 9. A space-based network according to claim 16 wherein the at least one transmit and receive satellite comprises a transmit and receive antenna and a receive antenna.
 10. A space-based network according to claim 7 wherein at least one of the two transmit and receive satellites comprises a transmit antenna.
 11. A space-based network according to claim 7 wherein at least one of the two transit and receive satellites comprises a transmit and receive antenna.
 12. A space-based network according to claim 1 further comprising: at least one gateway that is configured to communicate with the at least one receive-only satellite and the at least one transmit and receive satellite.
 13. A space-based network according to claim 14 further comprising a feeder link signal generator that is configured to combine signals that are received by an antenna into a feeder link signal that is transmitted to a gateway in a plurality of substantially orthogonal dimensions and/or polarizations.
 14. A space-based network according to claim 13 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to receive the feeder link signal.
 15. A space-based network according to claim 13 wherein a bandwidth of the feeder link signal is greater than or equal to an aggregate bandwidth of the signals that are received by the antenna.
 16. A space-based network according to claim 13 further comprising: a plurality of gateways, each of which is configured to receive a feeder link signal.
 17. A space-based network according to claim 13 wherein the signals that are received by the antenna have an aggregate bandwidth that is greater than a bandwidth of the feeder link signal.
 18. A space-based network according to claim 16 further comprising a combiner that is configured to combine the feeder link signals that are received at a plurality of gateways in order to reconstruct the wireless communications from the radiotelephone.
 19. A space-based network according to claim 1 further comprising: an ancillary terrestrial network that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a radiotelephone over at least some of the satellite radiotelephone frequency band, to thereby terrestrially use the at least some of the satellite radiotelephone frequency band.
 20. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising; a first receive-only satellite that is configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone over a satellite frequency band; a first transmit and receive satellite that is collocated with the first receive-only satellite in a first orbital slot and is configured to transmit wireless communications to the radiotelephone and to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over the satellite frequency band; a second receive-only satellite that is configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over the satellite frequency band; and a second transmit and receive satellite that is collocated with the second receive-only satellite in a second orbital slot and is configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over the satellite frequency band.
 21. A space-based network according to claim 20 wherein at least one receive-only satellite comprises first and second receive antennas.
 22. A space-based network according to claim 20 wherein at least one satellite comprises at least one receive antenna that is about 24 meters in diameter.
 23. A space-based network according to claim 20 wherein a space-based portion of the space-based network consists of the first and second receive-only satellites and the first and second transmit and receive satellites.
 24. A space-based network according to claim 20 wherein at least one of the first and second transmit and receive satellites comprises a transmit antenna and a receive antenna.
 25. A space-based network according to claim 20 wherein at least one of the first and second transmit and receive satellites comprises a transmit and receive antenna.
 26. A space-based network according to claim 20 further comprising: at least one gateway what is configured to communicate with the first and second receive-only satellites and the first and second transmit and receive satellites.
 27. A space-based network according to claim 20 further comprising a feeder link signal generator that is configured to combine signals that are received by an antenna into a feeder link signal that is transmitted to a gateway in a plurality of substantially orthogonal dimensions and/or polarizations.
 28. A space-based network according to claim 27 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to receive the feeder link signal.
 29. A space-based network according to claim 28 wherein a bandwidth of the feeder link signal is greater than or equal to an aggregate bandwidth of the signals that are received by the antenna.
 30. A space-based network according to claim 27 further comprising: a plurality of gateways, each of which is configured to receive a feeder link signal.
 31. A space-based network according to claim 27 wherein the signals that are received by the antenna have an aggregate bandwith that is greater than a bandwidth of the feeder link signal.
 32. A space-based network according to claim 30 further comprising a combiner that is configured to combine the feeder link signals that are received at a plurality of gateways in order to reconstruct the wireless communications from the radiotelephone.
 33. A space-based network according to claim 20 further comprising: an ancillary terrestrial network that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a radiotelephone over at least some of the satellite radiotelephone frequency band, to thereby terrestrially use the at least some of the satellite radiotelephone frequency band.
 34. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising: a first receive-only satellite that is configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone over a satellite frequency band; a transmit and receive satellite that is collocated with the first receive-only satellite in a first orbital slot and is configured to transmit wireless communications to the radiotelephone and to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over the satellite frequency band; and a second receive-only satellite that is located in a second orbital slot and is configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over the satellite frequency band.
 35. A space-based network according to claim 34 wherein at least one receive-only satellite comprises first and second receive antennas.
 36. A space-based network according to claim 34 wherein at least one satellite comprises at least one receive antenna that is about 24 meters in diameter.
 37. A space-based network according to claim 34 wherein a space-based portion of the space-based network consists of the first and second receive-only satellites and the transmit and receive satellite.
 38. A space-based network according to claim 34 wherein the transmit and receive satellite comprises a transmit antenna and a receive antenna.
 39. A space-based network according to claim 34 wherein the transmit and receive satellite comprises a transmit and receive antenna.
 40. A space-based network according to claim 34 further comprising: at least one gateway what is configured to communicate with the first and second receive-only satellites and the transmit and receive satellite.
 41. A space-based network according to claim 34 further comprising a feeder link signal generator that is configured to combine signals that are received by an antenna into a feeder link signal that is transmitted to a gateway in a plurality of substantially orthogonal dimensions and/or polarizations.
 42. A space-based network according to claim 41 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to receive the feeder link signal.
 43. A space-based network according to claim 41 wherein a bandwidth of the feeder link signal is greater than or equal to an aggregate bandwidth of the signals that are received by the antenna.
 44. A space-based network according to claim 41 further comprising: a plurality of gateways, each of which is configured to receive a feeder link signal.
 45. A space-based network according to claim 41 wherein the signals that are received by the bandwidth that is greater than a bandwidth of the feeder link signal.
 46. A space-based network according to claim 44 further comprising a combiner that is configured to combine the feeder link signals that are received at a plurality of gateways in order to reconstruct the wireless communications from the radiotelephone.
 47. A space-based network according to claim 34 further comprising: an ancillary terrestrial network that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a radiotelephone over at least some of the satellite radiotelephone frequency band, to thereby terrestrially use the at least some of the satellite radiotelephone frequency band.
 48. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising more receive satellite antennas than transmit satellite antennas; wherein at least one of the receive satellite antennas is configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone over at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations.
 49. A space-based network according to claim 48 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine receive satellite antenna signals from at least two receive satellite antennas on a per user basis.
 50. A space-based network according to claim 48 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine receive satellite antenna signals that are received over the at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 51. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising: at least one antenna configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone; and at least one antenna configured to transmit wireless communications to the radiotelephone; wherein the at least one antenna configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone is configured to receive the wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations.
 52. A space-based network according to claim 51 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals that are received by the at least one receive antenna over the at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 53. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising: at least one satellite configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone and to transmit wireless communications to the radiotelephone; wherein the at least one satellite is configured to receive the wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations.
 54. A space-based network according to claim 53 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals that are received by the at least one satellite over the at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 55. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising an equal number of receive and transmit satellites; wherein at least one of the receive satellites is configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone over at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations.
 56. A space-based network according to claim 55 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 57. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising an equal number of receive and transmit satellite antennas; wherein at least one of the receive satellite antennas is configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone over at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations.
 58. A space-based network according to claim 57 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 59. A space-based network according to claim 1, wherein at least one satellite is further configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two antenna patterns.
 60. A space-based network according to claim 59 further comprising; a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two antenna patterns on a per user basis.
 61. A space-based network according to claim 20, wherein at least one satellite is configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two antenna patterns.
 62. A space-based network according to claim 61 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two antenna patterns on a per user basis.
 63. A space-based network according to claim 34, wherein at least one satellite is configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two antenna patterns.
 64. A space-based network according to claim 63 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two antenna patterns on a per user basis.
 65. A space-based network according to claim 48, wherein a receive satellite antenna is further configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two antenna patterns.
 66. A space-based network according to claim 65 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two antenna patterns and/or over the at least two orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 67. A space-based network according to claim 51, wherein a receive satellite antenna is further configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two antenna patterns.
 68. A space-based network according to claim 67 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two antenna patterns and/or over the at least two orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 69. A space-based network according to claim 53, wherein the at least one satellite is further configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two antenna patterns.
 70. A space-based network according to claim 69 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two antenna patterns and/or over the at least two orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 71. A space-based network according to claim 55, wherein a receive satellite is fixer configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two antenna patterns.
 72. A space-based network according to claim 71 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two antenna patterns and/or over the at least two orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 73. A space-based network according to claim 57, wherein a receive satellite antenna is further configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two antenna patterns.
 74. A space-based network according to claim 73 further comprising: a gateway that is configured to combine signals received over the at least two antenna patterns and/or over the at least two orthogonal polarizations on a per user basis.
 75. A space-based network according to claim 48 further comprising: a terrestrial network that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a radiotelephone over at least a portion of a radiotelephone frequency band of the satellite radiotelephone system, to thereby terrestrially use and/or reuse the at least a portion of the radiotelephone frequency band.
 76. A space-based network according to claim 51 further comprising: a terrestrial network that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a radiotelephone over at least a portion of a radiotelephone frequency band of the satellite radiotelephone system to thereby terrestrially use and/or reuse the at least a portion of the radiotelephone frequency band.
 77. A space-based network according to claim 53 further comprising: a terrestrial network that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a radiotelephone over at least a portion of a radiotelephone frequency band of the satellite radiotelephone system, to thereby terrestrially use and/or reuse the at least a portion of the radiotelephone frequency band.
 78. A space-based network according to claim 55 further comprising: a terrestrial network that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a radiotelephone over at least a portion of a radiotelephone frequency band of the satellite radiotelephone system, to thereby terrestrially use and/or reuse the at least a portion of the radiotelephone frequency band.
 79. A space-based network according to claim 57 further comprising: terrestrial network that is configured to wirelessly communicate with a radiotelephone over at least a portion of a radiotelephone frequency band of the satellite radiotelephone system, to thereby terrestrially use and/or reuse the at least a portion of the radiotelephone frequency band.
 80. A radiotelephone for a space-based network that is configured to receive communications from the radiotelephone over at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations, wherein the radiotelephone is configured to transmit information to the space-based network using substantially linearly polarized electromagnetic energy.
 81. A space-based network that is configured to transmit information to a radiotelephone using substantially Right-Hand Circularly Polarized (RCP) or Left Hand circularly Polarized (LHCP) electromagnetic energy and receive information from the radiotelephone using substantially RHCP and LHCP electromagnetic energy.
 82. A space-based network comprising at least one gateway and at least one satellite; wherein the at least one gateway is configured to receive from the at least one satellite over at least one feeder link a user signal; the user signal being provided to the at least one feeder link and/or to the at least one gateway by a plurality of polarizations and/or a plurality of antenna patterns.
 83. A space-based network according to claim 82 wherein the plurality of polarizations includes a plurality of service link and/or feeder link polarizations.
 84. A space-based network according to claim 82 wherein the plurality of antenna patterns includes a plurality of service link and/or feeder link antenna patterns.
 85. A space-based network according to claim 82 wherein the gateway is further configured to receive the user signal over the feeder link via an In-phase (I) and a Quadrature (Q) component of a carrier.
 86. A space-based network comprising at least one gateway and at least one satellite; wherein the at least one gateway is configured to receive from the at least one satellite over at least one feeder link a user signal; the user signal being provided to the at least one feeder fink and/or to the at least one gateway by a plurality of substantially distinct dimensions and/or substantially distinct physical paths.
 87. A space-based network comprising at least one gateway and at least one satellite; wherein the at least one gateway is configured to receive from the at least one satellite over at least one feeder link a user signal; the user signal being received over the at least one feeder link via a plurality of substantially distinct dimensions and/or substantially distinct physical paths; wherein the gateway is configured to process elements of the user signal received over the at least one feeder link via the plurality of substantially distinct dimensions and/or substantially distinct physical paths.
 88. A space-based network comprising at least one satellite and at least one gateway, wherein the at least one satellite is configured to provide to the at least one gateway over at least one feeder link a plurality of elements of a user signal received at the satellite from a radiotelephone via a plurality of substantially distinct physical paths and/or substantially distinct dimensions.
 89. A system according to claim 88 wherein the plurality of substantially distinct physical paths are paths from the radiotelephone to respective satellite antenna elements, spot beams and/or polarizations.
 90. A system according to claim 88 wherein the plurality of substantially distinct dimensions comprise at least two different spatial polarizations.
 91. A system according to claim 88 wherein the at least one feeder link comprises a plurality of feeder links, carriers, polarizations and/or channels.
 92. A system according to claim 91 wherein the carriers comprise a carrier comprising an In-phase (I) and a Quadrature (Q) component and/or the feeder links and/or channels comprise a feeder link and/or channel comprising two different and/or two substantially orthogonal polarizations.
 93. A radiotelephone configured to communicate with a space-based network comprising at least one satellite and at least one satellite gateway; the radiotelephone being configured to communicate with the at least one satellite of the space-based network by transmitting substantially Left Hand Circularly Polarized (LHCP) and Right Hand Circularly Polarized (RHCP) electromagnetic energy.
 94. A space-based network comprising at least one satellite and at least one gateway; the space-based network configured to communicate with at least one radiotelephone that communicates with the at least one satellite by transmitting substantially Left Hand Circularly Polarized (LHCP) and Right Hand Circularly Polarized (RHCP) electromagnetic energy; the space-based network comprising at least one processor at the at least one satellite and/or at the at least one gateway configured to improve and/or optimize a communications performance measure associated with the at least one radiotelephone.
 95. A system according to claim 94 wherein the communications performance measure is a return link communications margin
 96. A system according to claim 95 wherein the return link communications margin is a return link signal strength margin.
 97. A space-based network comprising a plurality of satellites wherein a number of satellites that are configured to receive communications from radiotelephones is greater than a number of satellites that are configured to transmit communications to radiotelephones.
 98. A system according to claim 97 wherein each of the satellites that is configured to transmit communications to radiotelephones transmits to the radiotelephones by radiating substantially Left Hand Circularly Polarized (LCP) or Right Hand Circularly Polarized (RHCP) electromagnetic energy and each of the satellites that is configured to receive communications from radiotelephones receives from the radiotelephones by receiving substantially Left Hand Circularly Polarized (LHCP) and Right Hand Circularly Polarized (RHCP) electromagnetic energy.
 99. A space-based network comprising at least one satellite and at least one gateway; wherein the at least one gateway is configured to receive a plurality of signals from the at least one satellite over at least one feeder link via a plurality of substantially distinct dimensions and/or a plurality of substantially distinct spatial paths; at least one signal received at the at least one gateway containing interference and wherein the at least one gateway comprises an interference reducer configured to reduce the interference of the at least one signal by jointly processing the at least one signal and at least one other signal received by the at least one gateway from the at least one satellite over the at least one feeder link via the plurality of substantially distinct dimensions and/or the plurality of substantially distinct spatial paths.
 100. A system according to claim 99 wherein the interference reducer reduces interference by processing information that is inserted by the at least one satellite in at least one dimension and/or spatial path.
 101. A space-based network comprising at least one satellite and at least one gateway; wherein the at least one gateway is configured to receive a plurality of signals from the at least one satellite over at least one feeder link via a plurality of substantially distinct dimensions and/or a plurality of substantially distinct spatial paths, and wherein the at least one satellite is configured to pre-compensate at least one signal of the plurality of signals prior to transmission over the at least one feeder link via the plurality of substantially distinct dimensions and/or substantially distinct spatial paths responsive to an error measure received at the at least one satellite from the at least one gateway.
 102. A system according to claim 101 wherein the at least one gateway derives the error measure and sends the error measure to the at least one satellite.
 103. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising: at least one satellite that is configured to receive wireless communications from a radiotelephone; and at least one satellite that is configured to transmit wireless communications to the radiotelephone; wherein at least one satellite is configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephone over at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations substantially simultaneously.
 104. A space-based network for a satellite radiotelephone system comprising: at least one satellite that is configured to receive and transmit wireless communications from/to radiotelephones; wherein the at least one satellite is configured to receive wireless communications from the radiotelephones over at least two substantially orthogonal polarizations substantially simultaneously.
 105. A space-based network according to claim 1 wherein the at least one transmit and receive satellite comprises a transmit and receive antenna.
 106. A space-based network according to claim 20 wherein at least one transmit and receive satellite comprises a transmit and receive antenna.
 107. A space-based network according to claim 34 wherein the transmit and receive satellite comprises a transit and receive antenna. 